Energy-optimal overtaking manoeuvres of Formula-E cars

Overtaking in motorsport races is a crucial action order to gain higher position during race. In Formula-E, it not only requires precisely performed overtaking manoeuvres but also appropriate energy management which element race strategy due the limited total amount of on board. This study proposes use optimal control techniques for feasibility and analysis such complex problem. The involves two cars track goal find under various scenarios. results demonstrate that can be infeasible despite there potential speed advantage over target car. An manoeuvre executed efficiently by using propulsion power. When an feasible, energy-optimal varies according different initial conditions.